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Civil Rights marchers with signs for equal rights, housing, and integrated schools.

How a Group of Black Activists Inspired Solidarity and Struggle in Mississippi

Freedom Summer in the segregationist heart of the Deep South.
Black and white photograph of Mississippi SNCC workers at conference at Tougaloo College, 1965.

SNCC’s Unruly Internationalism

Though the organization’s legacy has been domesticated, its grassroots leadership embraced the global fight for freedom.
A young Julian Bond talking with Bayard Rustin at the 1968 Democratic convention

Julian Bond’s Life in Protest and Politics

A new collection of essays demonstrates how the civil rights icon’s thinking evolved amid the upheavals of the 20th century.
An young African American man speaking at a podium with a sign "SDS: Black Power and Change"

Friends of SNCC and The Birth of The Movement

The Friends of the SNCC published the story of the struggle for freedom in the 1960s.

Memories of Mississippi

SNCC staff photographer Danny Lyon recounts his experiences in the early days of the civil rights movement.

SNCC and White Liberal Participation in Anti-Racist Movements

In 1966, Atlanta Project members wrote a paper on the future of white liberals in the civil rights movement.

SNCC Digital Gateway

A documentary website that tells the story of how young activists united with local people in the Deep South to build a grassroots movement that transformed the nation.
Kwame Ture at at a 1966 Mississippi Press Conference. Public Domain.
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Stokely Carmichael Interview

A field secretary of SNCC discusses the importance of maintaining political power inside communities at the county level.

How John Lewis Put a Legacy of Heroism to Use

As the civil-rights era receded, his personal heroism loomed larger. But movement politics didn’t easily translate into party politics.
Freedom School students sitting in a circle on the ground.
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60 Years Later, Freedom Schools Are Still Radical—and Necessary

The Freedom Schools curriculums developed in 1964 remain urgently needed, especially in our era of book bans and backlash.
Endesha Ida Mae Holland in the documentary “Freedom on My Mind.

“Freedom on My Mind”: A Symphony of Voices for Civil Rights

This 1994 documentary brings the passions and agonies of Mississippi’s voter-registration drive into the present tense.
Bayard Rustin speaking at an event.

Eclipsed in His Era, Bayard Rustin Gets to Shine in Ours

The civil-rights mastermind was sidelined by his own movement. Now he’s back in the spotlight. What can we learn from his strategies of resistance?
A newly registered voter fills out a sample ballot for sheriff in Lowndes County. The ballot has the logo of the Black Panther Party formed by Stokely Carmichael of SNCC.

How Stokely Carmichael and the Black Panthers Changed the Civil Rights Movement

Much of what's happening in American race relations traces back to 1966, the year the Black Panthers were formed.
Supporters cheer during an election night watch party for Sen. Raphael G. Warnock (D) in Atlanta
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Warnock’s Win Points to the Need For Ongoing Political Organizing

Georgia’s own history highlights what out-organizing voter suppression really entails.
Charles Sherrod consulting advisors on courtroom strategy
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A Vital Civil Rights Activist You Never Heard of Has Died

Charles Sherrod wasn’t a big name, but his life has a lot to tell us about the civil rights movement.
"Home of Fannie Lou Hamer" sign

The Local Politics of Fannie Lou Hamer

By age 44, most people are figuring out how to live and die peacefully. That was certainly not the case with sharecropper and hero Fannie Lou Hamer.

"Until I Am Free"

An online roundtable on a new biography of Fannie Lou Hamer.
Headshot illustration of Angela Davis

‘Hell, Yes, We Are Subversive’

For all her influence as an activist, intellectual, and writer, Angela Davis has not always been taken as seriously as her peers. Why not?
Portrait of Medgar Evers.

The Day The Civil-Rights Movement Changed

What my father saw in Mississippi.
Bob Moses at SNCC

The Quiet Courage of Bob Moses

The late civil-rights leader understood that grassroots organizing was key to delivering political power to Black Americans in the South.
Stokely Charmichael with microphone, speaking to crowd. Supporters are standing behind him on stage.

The Birth of Black Power

Stokely Carmichael and the speech that changed the course of the civil rights movement.
Julian Bond

What Julian Bond Taught Me About Politics and Power

Lessons about organizing from the SNCC co-founder.
James Baldwin

Freedom Day, 1963: A Lost Interview with James Baldwin

After Baldwin’s biographer died, her niece opened an old desk drawer and discovered a trove of interview material, some of it unpublished.

Fannie Lou Hamer's Dauntless Fight for Black Americans' Right to Vote

The activist did not learn about her right to vote until she was 44, but once she did, she vigorously fought for black voting rights

Why Bill Clinton Attacked Stokely Carmichael

Clinton disparaged Carmichael at John Lewis’s funeral. But Black radicalism speaks more to the present moment than Clinton’s centrist politics.

The Essential and Enduring Strength of John Lewis

What the late civil-rights leader and congressman taught the nation.

It’s Time We Celebrate Ella Baker Day

Honoring Baker alongside Martin Luther King would highlight the long and patient work of building a social movement.
Photograph of Julian Bond holding one of his children.

Julian Bond Papers Project

A new digital archive from UVA Carter G. Woodson Institute and Center for Digital Editing explores the late Civil Rights leader’s life, legacy, and writings.

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Meaning of Emancipation

He was a revolutionary, if one committed to nonviolence. But nonviolence does not exhaust his philosophy.

Baldwin’s Lonely Country

After MLK's assassination, James Baldwin attempted to reconcile the divide between the civil rights movement and Black Power.

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