Nurse administering electroshock therapy to a patient.

The Troubled History of Psychiatry

Challenges to the legitimacy of the profession have forced it to examine itself. What, exactly, constitutes a mental disorder?

When Good Scientists Go Bad

Science doesn’t make you magically objective, and it’s not separate from the rest of human experience.
The Interface Message Processor that connected UCLA to ARPANET.

Communication Revolution

ARPANET and the development of the internet, 50 years later.
Pile of garbage.

The Curious History of Crap—From Space Junk to Actual Poop

We don't think much about where our waste goes, but the history of what we do with poop is also the history of how we grow food.

Jeff Bezos Dreams of a 1970s Future

If the sci-fi space cities of Bezos’s Blue Origin look familiar, it’s because they’re derived from the work of his college professor.

How the Bubonic Plague Almost Came to America

A Pompous Doctor, a Racist Bureaucracy, and More. From the book "Black Death at the Golden Gate".
Hillary Clinton speaking about early childhood development.

The Mismeasure of Minds

25 years later, The Bell Curve’s analysis of race and intelligence refuses to die.

Doctors Demanded Male Nurses During the Civil War. Clara Barton Defied Them.

The extraordinary woman known as the ‘Angel of the Battlefield’ eventually founded the Red Cross.
Black doctors.
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The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors

A century ago, the Flexner Report led to the closure of 75% of U.S. medical schools. It still explains a lot about today’s unequal access to healthcare.

On Early 20th-Century America’s Unhealthy Fixation with ‘Hygiene’

Junk Science, paternalism, and a misplaced faith in 'expertise.'

How Mandatory Vaccination Fueled the Anti-Vaxxer Movement

To better understand the controversy over New York’s measles outbreak, you have to go back to the late 19th century.

The Tragedy of 'The Tragedy of the Commons'

The man who wrote one of environmentalism’s most-cited essays was a racist, eugenicist, nativist and Islamaphobe.

A Blizzard of Prescriptions

Three recent books explore different aspects of opiate addiction in America.

Historians Expose Early Scientists’ Debt to the Slave Trade

Key plant and animal specimens arrived in Europe on slavers’ ships
Children in a classroom in the 1950s.

How the Cold War Defined Scientific Freedom

The idea that liberal democracies shielded science from politics was always flawed.

Creationism, Noah’s Flood, and Race

For centuries, literalist interpretations of the Book of Genesis have fueled scientific racism and white supremacy.
Margaret Hamilton stands next to a stack of paper as tall as she is - the software she and her team produced for the Apollo project.

Margaret Hamilton Led the NASA Software Team That Landed Astronauts on the Moon

Apollo’s successful computing software was optimized to deal with unknown problems.

Counter-Histories of the Internet

Our ethics and desires can shape digital networks at least as forcefully as those networks influence us.

Our Twisted DNA

A review of "She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity."
A fanciful, seventeenth-century depiction of the fall of Tenochtitlan, with clashing armies.

Did Colonialism Cause Global Cooling? Revisiting an Old Controversy

However the Little Ice Age came to be, we now know that climatic cooling had profound consequences for contemporary societies.
Photograph of a student using a teletype machine.

How Minnesota Teachers Invented a Proto-Internet More Centered on Community Than Commerce

Civic-minded Midwesterners realized that network access would someday be a necessity, and worked to make it available to everyone, no strings attached.
Rachel Carson conducting marine biology research with Bob Hines offshore.
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Rachel Carson's Critics Called Her a Witch

When Silent Spring was published, the response was overtly gendered. Rachel Carson's critics depicted her as hysterical, mystical, and witchy.

In Search of George Washington Carver’s True Legacy

The famed agriculturalist deserves to be known for much more than peanuts.

Plug in Your Address to See How It's Changed Over the Past 750 Million Years

You can hone in on a specific location and visualize how it has evolved between the Cryogenian Period and the present.
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Blackface and the Roots of Racism in American Medicine

The study of medicine is rife with racist assumptions and experiments that still shape health outcomes today.
Veteran who was exposed to nuclear radiation.

The Atomic Soldiers

How the U.S. government used veterans as atomic guinea pigs.

The Women Who Contributed to Science but Were Buried in Footnotes

In a new study, researchers uncovered female programmers who made important but unrecognized contributions to genetics.
Artistic collage fire, cars trains, factories, and air pollution.

Endless Combustion

Three new books examine how the rise of coal, oil, and gas have permanently remade our world.

Finding Lena, the Patron Saint of JPEGs

In 1972, a photo of a Swedish Playboy model was used to create the JPEG. The model herself was mostly a mystery—until now.

Quacks, Alternative Medicine, and the U.S. Army in the First World War

During WWI, the Surgeon General received numerous pitches for miraculous cures for sick and wounded American soldiers.