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David F. Krugler

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Remembering The Red Summer 100 Years Later

Why it matters what language we use to describe what happened in 1919.

by David F. Krugler via HNN on August 4, 2019
The Mob Violence of the Red Summer

In 1919, a brutal outburst of mob violence was directed against African Americans across the United States. White, uniformed servicemen led the charge.

by David F. Krugler, Matthew Wills via JSTOR Daily on May 14, 2019
Dr. Ossian Sweet's Black Life Mattered

It has been 90 years since Ossian Sweet tried to move into his new home; since police stood by and did nothing as a mob threw rocks.

by David F. Krugler, Victoria W. Wolcott, Heather Bourbeau, Leslie Brown, Anne Valk, James W. McElhaney, Lance Freeman via JSTOR Daily on June 17, 2015

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Red Summer

In 1919, white Americans visited awful violence on black Americans. So black Americans decided to fight back.

by Rebecca Onion via Slate on March 4, 2015

Black men confront armed whites in a Chicago street.

Hundreds of Black Deaths in 1919 are Being Remembered

America in the summer of 1919 ran red with blood from racial violence, and yet today, 100 years later, not many people know it even happened.

by Jesse J. Holland via AP News on July 24, 2019

One Hundred Years Ago, a Four-Day Race Riot Engulfed Washingon D.C.

Rumors ran wild as white mobs assaulted black residents who in turn fought back, refusing to be intimidated.

by Patrick Sauer via Smithsonian on July 17, 2019

The Deadly Race Riot ‘Aided and Abetted’ by the Washington Post a Century Ago

A front-page article helped incite the violence in the nation’s capital that left as many as 39 dead.

by Gillian Brockell via Retropolis on July 15, 2019

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