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Tulsa, Oklahoma on fire during the Tulsa Massacre.

How World War I Inspired Black Americans to Fight for Dignity at Home

The war marked a sea change in how black men viewed their own citizenship.
by Victor Luckerson via Literary Hub on June 1, 2023
Claude McKay speaking at the Kremlin, as printed in the December 1923 issue of the Crisis.

The Proletarian Poet

A new book on Claude McKay is part of an effort to place the poetry of the Harlem Renaissance within the Black radical tradition.
by Jennifer Wilson via Dissent on July 25, 2022
Two people being tarred and feathered

The Hidden Story of When Two Black College Students Were Tarred and Feathered

In the course of research about the Red Summer of 1919, a historian in Maine uncovers a disturbing event that took place on her own campus.
by Karen Sieber via The Conversation on February 8, 2021
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Red Chicago

A visit with artists and public historians in Chicago who are working to keep the memory of the city's "Red Summer" alive.
via Future Of America's Past on March 12, 2020
Black men confront armed whites in a Chicago street.

Hundreds of Black Deaths in 1919 are Being Remembered

America in the summer of 1919 ran red with blood from racial violence, and yet today, 100 years later, not many people know it even happened.
by Jesse J. Holland via AP News on July 24, 2019
Black men confront armed whites in a Chicago street.

‘Ready To Explode’

How a black teen’s drifting raft triggered a deadly week of riots 100 years ago in Chicago.
by William Lee via Chicago Tribune on July 21, 2019

One Hundred Years Ago, a Four-Day Race Riot Engulfed Washingon D.C.

Rumors ran wild as white mobs assaulted black residents who in turn fought back, refusing to be intimidated.
by Patrick Sauer via Smithsonian on July 17, 2019

The Deadly Race Riot ‘Aided and Abetted’ by the Washington Post a Century Ago

A front-page article helped incite the violence in the nation’s capital that left as many as 39 dead.
by Gillian Brockell via Retropolis on July 15, 2019

Racial Terrorism and the Red Summer of 1919

The Red Summer represented one of the darkest and bloodiest moments in American history.
by Ben Railton via The Saturday Evening Post on June 19, 2019

The Mob Violence of the Red Summer

In 1919, a brutal outburst of mob violence was directed against African Americans across the United States. White, uniformed servicemen led the charge.
by David F. Krugler, Matthew Wills via JSTOR Daily on May 14, 2019
Two white men stone a Black man who is lying on the ground.

1919 Race Riots in Chicago: A Look Back 100 Years Later

A century after the tragedies that shaped the nation's race relations.
by Tonya Francisco via WGN-TV on February 25, 2019

Visualizing the Red Summer

A comprehensive digital archive, map, and timeline of riots and lynchings across the U.S. in 1919.
by Karen Sieber via Visualizing the Red Summer on October 16, 2016
A crowd dressed in white marches in the Silent Parade of 1917 in Washington, D.C.

Fighting in Defense of Their Lives

The NAACP investigates a race riot.
by James Weldon Johnson via Lapham’s Quarterly on September 1, 1919
The front page of the Chicago Defender on August 2, 1919.

The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 Commemoration Project

Why are Chicago’s race riots of 1919 overlooked in the city’s collective memory? A new project tells the stories of the 38 killed, and the legacy of racism in the U.S.
by Peter Cole, Franklin N. Cosey-Gay, Myles X Francis on April 29, 2021
Veteran and militia during 1919 Chicago Race Riot

Rereading 'Darkwater'

W.E.B. DuBois, 100 years ago.
by Chad Williams via National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) on February 22, 2021

The History of the “Riot” Report

How government commissions became alibis for inaction.
by Jill Lepore via The New Yorker on June 15, 2020

The Ghosts of Elaine, Arkansas, 1919

In America’s bloody history of racial violence, the little-known Elaine Massacre may rank as the deadliest.
by Jerome B. Karabel via New York Review of Books on September 30, 2019

A Lynch Mob of One

The assault rifle has enabled racists to act alone.
by Ibram X. Kendi via The Atlantic on August 8, 2019
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Remembering The Red Summer 100 Years Later

Why it matters what language we use to describe what happened in 1919.
by David F. Krugler via HNN on August 4, 2019

Elaine Race Massacre: Red Summer in Arkansas

An interactive exhibit that explores the events and consequences of the deadliest racial conflict in Arkansas history.
via Center For Arkansas History And Culture on July 29, 2019
Black men confront armed whites in a Chicago street.

Tying Black Resistance to Communism Is a Time-Tested American Tradition

When modern conservatives associate activists of color with communism, they’re drawing on a racist history that goes back over 100 years.
by Rebecca Onion via Slate on July 19, 2019

The Destruction of Black Wall Street

Tulsa’s Greenwood neighborhood was a prosperous center of Black wealth. Until a white mob wiped it out.
by Chelsea Saunders via The Nib on February 4, 2019

NFL Tells Players Patriotism Trumps Protest

Here’s why that didn’t work during WWI.
by Chad Williams via The Conversation on May 29, 2018

Black and Red

The history of Black Socialism in America.
by Tanna Tucker, Nestor Castillo via The Nib on February 14, 2018
Armed soldiers and Black men standing outside a cafe.

Sex, Swimming and Chicago's Racial Divide

Even as a child, Eugene Williams was not safe from the harm caused by the ways of northern racism.
by Betsy Schlabach via Black Perspectives on October 3, 2017

The Tragic, Forgotten History of Black Military Veterans

The susceptibility of black ex-soldiers to extrajudicial murder and assault has long been recognized by historians.
by Peter C. Baker via The New Yorker on November 26, 2016
Dr. Ossian Sweet

Dr. Ossian Sweet's Black Life Mattered

It has been 90 years since Ossian Sweet tried to move into his new home; since police stood by and did nothing as a mob threw rocks.
by David F. Krugler, Victoria W. Wolcott, Heather Bourbeau, Leslie Brown, Anne Valk, James W. McElhaney, Lance Freeman via JSTOR Daily on June 17, 2015

Red Summer

In 1919, white Americans visited awful violence on black Americans. So black Americans decided to fight back.
by Rebecca Onion via Slate on March 4, 2015
United Auto Workers President Shawn Fain wears a shirt reading ‘Trump is a Scab’ at the Democratic National Convention.

How Organized Labor Shames Its Traitors − The Story of the ‘Scab’

It’s important to understand why some workers might be motivated to weather scorn, rejection and even violence from their peers.
by Ian Afflerbach via The Conversation on August 23, 2024
W.E.B. Du Bois

When Did Black Voters Shift to Democrats? Earlier Than You Might Think

A look at how and why African Americans first started to abandon the GOP for the Democratic Party.
by Blake Wilson via Retropolis on June 30, 2024
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