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1619?

What to the historian is 1619? What to Africans and their descendants is 1619?
Statue of Thomas Jefferson and an American flag.
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Jefferson's Other Legacy: Religious Liberty

Religious bigotry is only less pressing today than racial bigotry because of progress Jefferson helped bring about.
Elizabeth Pryor

Why It's So Hard to Talk about the N-word

A professor explains the trauma of encountering "an idea disguised as a word."
Enslaved men in chains, from the cover of "Williams' Gang" by Jeff Forret.
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The History of Black Incarceration Is Longer Than You May Think

Enslaved woman Charlotte thought she was "free" from the slaveowner. She was wrong.

The Tortured Logic of #ADOS

The American Descendants of Slavery movement combines a left-wing critique of America’s founding with a distinctly right-wing strain of xenophobia.

American Slavery and ‘the Relentless Unforeseen’

What 1619 has become to the history of American slavery, 1688 is to the history of American antislavery.
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Citibank: Exploiting the Past, Condemning the Future

In 2011, Citigroup published a 300-page 200th anniversary commemoration Celebrating the Past, Defining the Future. Is it a past to celebrate?

The Achievements, and Compromises, of Two Reconstruction-era Amendments

While they advanced African American rights, they had serious flaws, Eric Foner writes.

GMU to Erect Memorial Honoring More Than 100 People Enslaved by George Mason

The structure will span 300 feet and is expected to be unveiled on the Fairfax City campus in 2021.

Telling the Untold History

When Civil War reenacting began, it was largely the province of folks who wished to uphold the Old South myth. Now, a more diverse group of reenactors is pushing back.

White Americans' Hold on Wealth Is Old, Deep, and Nearly Unshakeable

White families quickly recuperated financial losses after the Civil War, then created a Jim Crow credit system.

Moral Courage and the Civil War

Monuments ask us to look at the past, but how they do it exposes crucial aspects of the present.
Cotton field.

How The 1619 Project Rehabilitates the ‘King Cotton’ Thesis

The New York Times’ series on slavery relies on bad scholarship to make an argument with an inauspicious history.

A Brief History of the History Wars

Conservative uproar over the 1619 Project is just the most recent clash in a battle over how we should understand America’s past.

How We Think About the Term 'Enslaved' Matters

The first Africans who came to America in 1619 were not ‘enslaved’, they were indentured – and this is a crucial difference.

The Great Land Robbery

The shameful story of how 1 million black families have been ripped from their farms.
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How African American Land Was Stolen in the 20th Century

Between 1910 and 1997, black farmers lost about 90% of the land they owned.

Gump Talk

25 years later, what does Gump mean?
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How Right-Wing Talking Points Distort the History of Slavery

As we debate reparations, we need to get the facts right.

Balancing the Ledger on Juneteenth

The reparations debate highlights what Juneteenth is about: freedom and demanding accountability for past and present wrongs.
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Why The Racial Wealth Gap Persists, More Than 150 Years After Emancipation

When one system of economic oppression collapsed, new ones were created to fill the void.
Unidentified African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.

Race in Black and White

Slavery and the Civil War were central to the development of photography as both a technology and an art.

The Push to Remove Any Mention of Slavery From Vermont’s Constitution

The state prides itself on its abolitionist history. But its identity has been shaken by recent racist incidents.

The Real Story of Black Martha’s Vineyard

Oak Bluffs is a complex community that elite families, working-class locals and social-climbing summerers all claim as their own.

The Language of the Unheard

A new book rescues the Poor People’s Campaign from its reputation as a desperate last cry of the civil rights movement.

Beyond Romantic Advertisements: Ancestry.com, Genealogy, and White Supremacy

On Ancestry's dangerous move to make it harder to discern which white families owned slaves.

The Author of a New Book About Andrew Johnson on the Right Reasons to Impeach a President

Johnson’s impeachment was driven by his refusal to rid the country of the lingering effects of slavery.

Empire of the Census

America’s long history of manipulating its headcount for political gain.
Unnamed Black girl.

An Unnamed Girl, a Speculative History

What a photograph reveals about the lives of young black women at the turn of the century.

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Meaning of Emancipation

He was a revolutionary, if one committed to nonviolence. But nonviolence does not exhaust his philosophy.

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