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Cover of "Liberty Is Sweet," featuring a painting of a man holding a gun to two soldiers on horseback.

Fighting the American Revolution

An interview with Woody Holton on his new book, "Liberty is Sweet."
A line of black civil war soldiers holding their rifles.

Black Soldier Desertion in the Civil War

The reasons Black Union soldiers left their army during the Civil war were varied, with poor pay, family needs and racism among them.
Company of African American soldiers, 1865.

The Racial Politics of Demobilizing USCT Regiments

The inequitable dismissal of US soldiers following the conclusion of the Civil War.
Soldiers of the U.S. 7th Army march past the entrance of the Burgerbraukeller, site of Adolf Hitler's 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich on May 3, 1945, five days before the formal end of the World War II in Europe.

‘Greatest Generation’ Survey on Race, Sex and Combat During World War II Runs Counter to Its Image

Virginia Tech project finds forgotten Army surveys that reveal World War II lingo and “the good, the bad, the ugly, heroic, not heroic” attitudes of soldiers.
Isaac Woodard, an African American army veteran, with his mother after being blinded by a South Carolina police chief in 1946.

After Victory in World War II, Black Veterans Continued the Fight for Freedom at Home

These men, who had sacrificed so much for the country, faced racist attacks in 1946 as they laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement to come.
"The Washington Family," painting by Edward Savage, c. 1789–1796. (National Gallery of Art)

The Silence of Slavery in Revolutionary War Art

Artists captured and honored the intensity of the American Revolution, but the bravery and role of Black men in the war was not portrayed.
"Head of a Negro" (1777 or 1778), by John Singleton Copley.

The Declaration of Independence’s Debt to Black America

When African Americans allied themselves with the British, the Patriots were enraged, and they acted.
Gen. Milley at White House
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Racism Has Long Undermined Military Cohesion, Just as Gen. Milley Testified

Late 1960s conflicts within the armed forces produced efforts to educate service members on racism.
Mounted police clashing with strikers, one carrying an American flag, outside an electrical plant in Philadelphia, 1946

Cops at War: How World War II Transformed U.S. Policing

As wartime labor shortages depleted police forces, and fear of crime grew, chiefs turned to new initiatives to strengthen and professionalize their officers.
Laundresses with Union soldiers, circa 1863.

On Juneteenth, Three Stirring Stories of How Enslaved People Gained Their Freedom

Millions of Americans gained freedom from slavery in a slow-moving wave of emancipation during the Civil War and in the months afterward.
Confederate Monument in Cemetery

Confederate Monuments in Cemeteries, Reminders That We Cannot All Rest In Peace

For people of color in particular, cemeteries can be a cruel reminders of trauma both past and present.
A Black family in Savannah, GA.

The “Families’ Cause” in the Post-Civil War Era

While focusing on refuting the Lost Cause narrative, many historians forget to memorialize Black Americans in the post Civil War period.
James Weldon Johnson.

James Weldon Johnson’s Ode to the “Deep River” of American History

What an old poem says about the search for justice following the Capitol riot.
Veteran and militia during 1919 Chicago Race Riot

Rereading 'Darkwater'

W.E.B. DuBois, 100 years ago.
Recruiting poster for USCT featuring a lithograph of African American soldiers.

In 1868, Black Suffrage Was on the Ballot

At the height of the Reconstruction, the pressing issue of the election was Black male suffrage.
Pension record

Black Families’ Unending Fight for Equality

Civil War pension records have a lot to tell us about the lives of U.S. Colored Troops.
Photograph of a former slave interviewed by the Federal Writers' Projects

Stories of Slavery, From Those Who Survived It

The Federal Writers’ Project narratives provide an all-too-rare link to our past.
Jacob Lawrence.

Jacob Lawrence Went Beyond the Constraints of a Segregated Art World

Jacob Lawrence was one of twentieth-century America’s most celebrated black artists.
Formal daguerreotype photograph of an African American corporal, holding a Colt model 1849 pocket revolver.

From Negro Militias To Black Armament

Guns have always loomed large in Black people's lives — going all the way back to the days of colonial slavery, explains reporter Alain Stephens from The Trace.

Black Political Activism and the Fight for Voting Rights in Missouri

Nick Sacco takes a moment to remember the 15th Amendment.
Black soldiers in uniform and winter gear pose for a photo at Fort Keogh, Montana, in 1890.

‘America’s Black Dreyfus Affair’ and the Long Battle to Right Teddy Roosevelt’s Wrong

167 Black soldiers were dishonorably discharged from the army in 1906. Two Angelenos corrected the historical record in the 1970s.
A drawing of the National Emancipation Monument.

The Statue That Never Was

How a monument that championed black sacrifice in the name of emancipation was forgotten.
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Yes, President Trump, Confederate Base Names Celebrate Heritage — a Shameful One

Why removing the names of Confederates from military bases matters.
A group of seven black sharecroppers stand by the road.

Black Americans, Crucial Workers in Crises, Emerge Worse Off – Not Better

In many national crises, black Americans have been essential workers – but serving in crucial roles has not resulted in economic equality.
Ed Dwight Jr. with model rocket.

I Was Poised to be the First Black Astronaut. I Never Made it to Space.

Ed Dwight Jr. trained to go to the moon, but racism in the selection process kept him out of space.
Left: Pvt. Edmund Ruffin, Confederate soldier with long flowing white hair. Right: George Armstrong Custer, United States Army officer and cavalry commander with long wavy brown hair.

Civil War Soldiers Used Hair Dye to Make Themselves Look Better in Pictures, Archaeologists Discover

Researchers have found hair dye bottles and evidence of a photographic studio at Camp Nelson—a former Union camp.

Jim Crow Compounded the Grief of African American Mothers Whose Sons Were Killed in World War I

An excerpt from ‘We Return Fighting,’ a groundbreaking exploration of African American involvement in World War I.

One Hundred Years Ago, a Four-Day Race Riot Engulfed Washingon D.C.

Rumors ran wild as white mobs assaulted black residents who in turn fought back, refusing to be intimidated.

Racial Terrorism and the Red Summer of 1919

The Red Summer represented one of the darkest and bloodiest moments in American history.

How Black Philadelphians Fought for Soldiers During World War I

A brief history of the Crispus Attucks Circle, an African American relief agency.

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