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Who Speaks for Crazy Horse?

The world’s largest monument is decades in the making and more than a little controversial.
Calvin Coolidge with Native American leaders.

A Century Ago, This Law Underscored the Promises and Pitfalls of Native American Citizenship

The 1924 Indian Citizenship Act sought to assimilate Native people into white society. But the legislation, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, fell short.
Mount Rushmore.

The Battle for the Black Hills

Nick Tilsen was arrested for protesting President Trump at Mount Rushmore. Now, his legal troubles are part of a legacy.
Military headstones for American Indians at the site of the Carlisle Indian School.

The U.S. Stole Generations of Indigenous Children to Open the West

Indian boarding schools held Native American youth hostage in exchange for land cessions.

Can Colonial Nations Truly Recognise the Sovereignty of Indigenous People?

The Lakota, like other groups, see themselves as a sovereign people. Can Indigenous sovereignty survive colonisation?

Ghost Dancers Past and Present

Thinking beyond the dichotomies of oppressor and victim reveals the human urges that inspire so much of our expressive culture.

Law Enforcement is Still Used as a Colonial Tool In Indian Country

Leaked documents reveal coordination between big business and law enforcement to break up last year’s protests at Standing Rock.

The Big, Nearly 200-Year-Old Legal Issue at The Heart of the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight

Tribal sovereignty is a concept that even some of the protesters may not be familiar with. But it's important.
European fur traders trading rum to Native Americans
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Liquid Poison

American Indians and the tumult in their cultures precipitated by the arrival of alcohol.
Red Horse's drawing of American soldiers on horseback

A Lakota Sioux Warrior's Eyewitness Drawings of Little Bighorn

The role of Red Horse's drawings in the historical narrative of the Battle of Little Bighorn.
Poster for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.
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Where the Buffalo Roam

How Buffalo Bill’s Wild West brought scenes from the American West to audiences around the globe.
Battle of Little Bighorn

In the Battle of Little Bighorn, Custer Makes His Last Stand

"Who shall blame the Sioux for defending themselves, their wives and children, when attacked in their own encampment and threatened with destruction?"
Painting of the Sand Creek Massacre by Robert Lindneux, c. 1935.

Happy Native American Heritage Month From the Army That Brought You the Trail of Tears

After 170 years of armed attacks, forced relocations, ethnic cleansing, and genocide of Native Americans, the U.S. military wants to celebrate.
Collage of different Indigenous people from the present day.
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Native Narratives: The Representation of Native Americans in Public Broadcasting

A selection of radio and television programs that reinforce or reject stereotypes, and Native-created media that responds to those depictions.
Oil pumpjack in the rural southwest.

Public Universities Are Profiting In Billions From Industries On Stolen Indigenous Land

Extractive industries filling public university coffers on stolen land. Here's how 14 land-grant colleges took 8.2 million acres from 123 Indigenous nations.
Wooden sign denoting the Upper Sioux historic site

Tribe Getting Piece of Minnesota Back More Than a Century After Ancestors Died There

Golden prairies of a Minnesota state park also hold the burial sites of Dakota people who died as the U.S. failed to fulfill treaties with Native Americans.
Jim LaBelle, 76, an Indian boarding school survivor.

‘12 Years of Hell’: Indian Boarding School Survivors Share Their Stories

Forced by the federal government to attend the schools, generations of Native American children were sexually assaulted, beaten and emotionally abused.
Protestors gathered at Wounded Knee in 2022, waving the flag of the American Indian Movement and an upside down United States of America flag. (Photograph by Eunice Straight Head)

The Siege of Wounded Knee Was Not an End but a Beginning

Fifty years ago, the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization invited the American Indian Movement to Pine Ridge and reignited a resistance that has not left.
Tillie Black Bear and Bill Clinton.

Tillie Black Bear Was the Grandmother of the Anti-Domestic Violence Movement

The Lakota advocate helped thousands of domestic abuse survivors, Native and non-Native alike.
Artists conception of the Annis Mound and Village Site.

Against the Grain?

Native farming practices and settler-colonial imaginations in the video game "Empire: Total War."
American Indians hold rifles during the standoff at Wounded Knee in 1973.

A Return to the Wounded Knee Occupation, 50 Years Later

The new era of social consciousness and racial activism in the 1970s would play a pivotal role in the events leading up to the 71-day occupation.
Black and white photo of Sitting Bull

The Early Life of the Renowned Leader of the Lakotas, Sitting Bull

The baby boy who would one day become the renowned and feared leader of the Lakotas was the second child of Returns Again and Her Holy Door.
Photo of Sitting Bull with an aerial view of the Yellowstone Basin in the background.

How Sitting Bull's Fight for Indigenous Land Rights Shaped the Creation of Yellowstone National Park

The 1872 act that established the nature preserve provoked Lakota assertions of sovereignty.
Herd of bison

Reopen the American Frontier

Let us let the ghosts of the megafauna rise, but let us leave the old imperialists to lie in their graves undisturbed.
Cartoon drawing of footprints in sand

Will the Mass Robbery of Native American Graves Ever End?

For centuries, everyone from archaeologists to amateurs pillaged artifacts — and human remains. Now, the FBI is cracking down on those who continue to dig.
Silhouette of two bison on the plains

The Bison and the Blackfeet

Indigenous nations are spearheading a movement to restore buffalo to the American landscape.
Glacier National Park, in Montana, as seen from the Blackfeet Reservation, near Duck Lake.

Return the National Parks to the Tribes

The national parks are the closest thing America has to sacred lands, and like the frontier of old, they can help forge our democracy anew.
Nurse Harriet Curley takes the pulse of a patient at Sage Memorial Hospital on the Navajo Indian reservation in 1949. (AP)

How Native Americans Were Vaccinated Against Smallpox, Then Pushed Off Their Land

Nearly two centuries later, many tribes remain suspicious of the drive to get them vaccinated against the coronavirus.
Picture of Devil's Tower

Historical Monuments of the First People

A Story Map that highlights events, sites, and people important to Native American history.
Profile portrait of Zitkala-Sa, a Native American woman, with long hair and beaded necklaces

Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Ša): Advocate for the "Indian Vote"

The story of Indigenous women’s participation in the struggle for women’s suffrage is highly complex, and Zitkala-Ša’s story provides an illuminating example.

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